认识与了解中国是有效参与“一带一路”的必要条件
托济克【白俄罗斯】
白中友好协会 主席
首先我要向“2016汉学与当代中国座谈会”的主办方表示衷心的感谢，他们使我有机会在此见到这么多非常杰出的政治家和汉学家。我很高兴自己能借助此次会议的机会再次造访这个我所喜爱的国家，并就白俄罗斯中国学的发展问题，以及白俄罗斯参与“一带一路”建设——尤其是参与“丝绸之路经济带”建设问题，发表自己的观点。
2017年1月20日，是白俄罗斯共和国与中华人民共和国建交25周年纪念日。中国是世界上率先承认白俄罗斯为独立主权国家的国家之一，在这25年中，两国共同谱写辉煌篇章：两国从初步接触到相互了解，再到建立“全面战略伙伴”和“互利合作”关系。2016年9月29日，白俄罗斯总统卢卡申科和中国国家主席习近平共同签署了关于建立“全面战略伙伴关系”、发展“全天候友谊”的联合声明，将白中两国关系的发展提升至新的高度。
我认为，白中两国关系的未来发展应注意以下几个方面：多年来在互惠互利原则基础上，白俄罗斯—中国两国合作呈阶梯状和系统化发展，中方从未向我们提出过任何条件。两国关系中从未出现任何冲突。因此，不仅仅是白中两国领导人，而且还包括很多专家都指出，白中两国的友好关系堪称现代国际关系体系之典范。
白俄罗斯的领导者和普通民众普遍认为，与中方发展全面战略伙伴关系完全符合白俄罗斯的国家战略利益。而我本人认为，建立在这一高度上的两国合作，也符合中国和中国人民的利益。
中国是我们在联合国及其他国际组织中的可靠盟友及伙伴。在中国的支持下，白俄罗斯在上海合作组织中，先后获得了“对话伙伴国”和“观察员国”的地位。中国对我们开放了他们非常广阔的市场，并为落实两国重要合作项目，以及那些对于发展白俄罗斯经济来说非常迫切的项目，提供政府和商业贷款的支持。
以白俄罗斯在经济、交通、科技、文教等领域的潜力，最大限度地全面参与和实现中国国家主席习近平所提出的“一带一路”倡议，也符合白俄罗斯的国家利益。我们认为这一构想的提出非常及时，且为国际社会打造了一种经济合作的新模式，以抗衡或缓解在当今世界经济关系体系中表现得越来越明显的那些危险的、令人不安的倾向。
我们相信，“一带一路”倡议是非常切合实际的。这首先是因为它的基础性原则是使所有参与国都互利互惠。“一带一路”不仅有助于参与国——尤其是丝路沿线国家，实现本国经济在众多领域中的现代化发展，同时也将切实提高当地居民的生活水平。其次，这一倡议有充足的资金作为保障 —— 这里首先指的就是丝路基金和亚洲基础设施投资银行的资金保障。作为丝路经济带沿线国家，白俄罗斯愿意最大限度地利用这一机遇所带来的可能性。
我们希望，中国—白俄罗斯工业园区（“伟石”工业园），能成为丝绸之路经济带上的一个重要环节。2015年5月，卢卡申科总统和习近平主席曾共同考察该园区，并了解其施工建设情况。习主席称这一正在建设中的园区为“丝路明珠”。
关于建设这一工业园区的政府间协议，签订于2011年。其建设用地，位于白俄罗斯的中心位置（同时也是欧洲的中心位置），占地90平方公里（合13.5万亩）。园区临近国际机场，交通十分便利，不仅有柏林—莫斯科跨国公路穿越其间，还毗邻一条连接西欧、中欧和东北欧（通过俄罗斯）以及中国西部省份（通过俄罗斯和哈萨克斯坦）的铁路干线。工业园区距波罗的海东岸不冻港——克来彼达港500公里。
白俄罗斯国家立法机构为园区制定了特殊的法律制度体系，以确保园区内的各项经营活动能顺利开展。目前，园区正在进行工程、交通和生产等基础设施建设，预计2017年首批进驻企业将能正式投入运营。
然而令人遗憾的是，白俄罗斯有意拓展和深化其与中国合作的客观需求和愿望，因缺乏科学方法和信息交流等方面的保障，而受到抑制。中国的快速发展，让世界有目共睹；然而，我国很多企业和领域的领导者们，他们对现代中国的了解，却至少要落后十至十五年。
俄罗斯仍然保留着非常强大的、拥有几百年传统的苏联中国学流派。而我们白俄罗斯几乎只能从头开始。曾经，我国国内只有几个人精通汉语；无论大学还是中学，都不教授汉语；因为既没有教科书，也没有老师。时至今日，国内已经有9个大学和10个中学开设了汉语教学，同时也编写了不少中文教科书。
在2006年11月白俄罗斯教育部和中国汉办共同签署了关于汉语教学的合作协议。受益于中国汉办的理解与支持，2007年1月在白俄罗斯国立大学，白俄罗斯国内首家以孔子命名的中国学学院正式开始工作。如今，在白俄罗斯已建有三所孔子学院，它们在全国各级教育机构内已开设了近十个班级。
在白俄罗斯中学、大学，以及孔子学院各班级里学习汉语的人数约有3500人。有意学习者人数更多，但缺乏好的老师、好的课本以及教学法上的保障。
与此同时，白俄罗斯的中国学正处于起步阶段。因此，我有必要再次指出：我们非常缺乏对于现代中国的了解。我们既不了解中国经济各领域发展的技术方法与技术水平，也不了解中国人的习俗与传统，以及他们在集体协作与个体交往间的特点。不了解这些，我们就很难发挥双边互惠合作的巨大潜力，尤其是在区域间合作以及企业间合作的层面。
对我们而言最有益的是中国在改革开放政策方面所取得的成功经验。受益于这一经验，中国正在大踏步地向世界最具影响力和最完善国家方向迈进。中国的发展，并非依靠军事和政治力量，而是通过发展热爱和平与仁爱之潜力，这为世界其他国家的发展提供了互利合作伙伴关系的新样本。
对于正处于系统性现代化发展初级阶段的白俄罗斯经济而言，总结中国的发展经验是其现阶段最迫切任务，其中包括国企改革、国有和非国有经济成分的权限分配、税收和关税政策对于具体领域及生产的促进（或抑制）作用、对各级管理人员的物质和精神奖励机制、执法机关针对企业和公司财务—经济活动所颁布的各项规章制度、银行在保障经济持续快速发展和以信贷形式支持出口方面所扮演的角色，以及用于吸引外资和先进技术及管理人才的一系列特别措施体系等。
我相信，在不远的将来，我们会清晰地看到：作为改革开放政策的实施结果而在中国形成的生产和社会政治关系，并非是由一种形态向另一种形态，由一种“主义”向另一种“主义”转换的过渡性事物，而是一种对于21世纪来说最为先进也最为乐观的社会经济体系。而这一新生事物也正在引发白俄罗斯的极大关注。
这就是为什么白俄罗斯将会对那些在深层研究上述问题中给予我们协助的中国朋友表示感谢的原因。在我看来，对上述问题最合理的解决方式就是大力加强在白俄罗斯国立大学里的孔子学院的建设。我们必须在中白双方的共同努力下，将其建设成为一个强大的区域性的科研中心，该中心应致力于中国研究，并为在中国同白俄罗斯及区域内其他国家建立起更有效的合作形式献计献策。
这一科研中心的主要职能和研究领域将包括以下几个方面：研究白俄罗斯和区域内其他国家参与实现“一带一路”构想的可能性；为中白两国经贸和投资合作提供咨询和信息服务；为两国在教育、文化、卫生、体育、旅游和其他人文领域的合作提供必要协助；协调科研和教育机构、专家学者个人为建立白俄罗斯的中国学学派所进行的各种活动。
上述问题解决的前提是：需要委派至少五至六名中国学者和专家到这一中心来，与白俄罗斯同事一起工作；保证此中心有开展工作所需立法证明、科研证明、分析证明和其他材料证明；为白俄罗斯学者和专家提供学习中国改革开放政策的经验和成果的机会，包括让其到中国的相关部委、企业及各类组织中见习等。
我相信，实现上述提议将有助于两国经济的协同发展，促进“一带一路”沿线国家间的多边合作，以及白中两国经贸投资领域的双边合作。
Understanding China Is the Essential Condition for Effectively Participating in the Construction of the Belt and Road
Anatoli Tozik /Belarus
Chairman of the Belarus-China Friendship Society
First of all,I would like to express heartfelt thanks to the organizers of the 2016 Symposium on China Studies; they give me the opportunity to meet with so many outstanding politicians and sinologists.I am very pleased to revisit this country,which I like,through this symposium,and express my views on the development of Chinese studies in Belarus,and Belarus' participation in the construction of the Belt and Road,especially the construction of the Silk Road Economic Belt.
January 20,2017 marked the 25thanniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Belarus and the People's Republic of China.China is one of the countries which became the first countries in the world to recognize Belarus as an independent sovereign country.In a very short period of time,the two countries jointly created a brilliant chapter: From an initial engagement and mutual understanding between the two countries to the establishment of a comprehensive strategic partnership and a mutually-beneficial relationship of cooperation.On September 29,2016,the President of Belarus,Alexander Lukashenko,and Chinese President Xi Jinping signed a joint declaration on establishing a comprehensive strategic partnership and developing an all-weather friendship,upgrading the relations between the two countries to a new height.
In my view,the following considerations should be given in the future development of the relations between our countries: Over the years,the cooperation between the two countries featured step-like and systematic development on the basis of reciprocity and mutual benefit; China never imposed any conditions on Belarus; no conflicts occurred in the relations between the two countries.Therefore,the leaders of the two countries and many experts believe that the friendly relationship between them should be hailed as a model in the modern system of international relations.
The leaders and the ordinary people of Belarus generally believe that Belarus' development of a comprehensive strategic partnership with China fully meets the national strategic interests of Belarus.In my opinion,the bilateral cooperation at this level also conforms to the interests of China and of the Chinese people.
China is a reliable ally and partner for us in the United Nations and other international organizations.With the support of China,Belarus obtained the status of dialogue partner and observer country in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.China has opened its very vast market to us and has provided government support and commercial loans for carrying out the important cooperation projects between our two countries as well as the projects which are very urgent for the development of Belarus' economy.
It is our national interest to tap Belarus' potential in economy,transportation,science and technology,culture and education to fully participate,to the greatest extent,in and achieve the great strategic conception of the Belt and Road Initiative put forward by Chinese President Xi Jinping.We think that this conception is very well-timed and offers a new model of economic cooperation for the international community to counteract or mitigate the increasingly obvious risky and disturbing tendencies in today's system of worldwide economic relations.
In our opinion,the Belt and Road Initiative is very realistic.The reasons are as follows: First,its basic principle lies in ensuring mutual benefit and reciprocity among all of the participating countries.The Belt and Road not only helps the participating countries,especially the countries along the Silk Road,achieve their economic modernization in many fields,but it will also truly improve the living standards of local residents.Second,this initiative is supported by sufficient funds,which first refer to the fund guarantee from the Silk Road Fund and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank.As one of the countries along the Silk Road Economic Belt,Belarus is willing to utilize the possibilities that this opportunity offers to the greatest extent.
We hope that the China-Belarus Industrial Park can serve as an important segment of the Silk Road Economic Belt.In May,2015,the President of Belarus,Alexander Lukashenko,and Chinese President Xi Jinping visited this park together to learn about its construction.President Xi hailed the park under construction as a pearl on the Silk Road.
The intergovernmental agreement on the construction of this industrial park was signed in 2011.Covering an area of 90 sq.km.,its construction site is located at the center of Belarus,also the center of Europe.Being adjacent to an international airport,this park enjoys very convenient transportation,and it can get access to the Berlin-Moscow transnational highway and is close to a trunk railway connecting Western Europe,Central Europe and Northeastern Europe（via Russia）and Western China（via Russia and Kazakhstan）.This industrial park is 500km away from the Port of Klaipeda,an ice-free port on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea.
Belarus' state legislature has developed a special legal system for this park to ensure that the operating activities in it can be smoothly carried out.At present,the park's infrastructure is under construction,including engineering,transportation and production facilities.The first batch of enterprises are expected to officially begin operating in this park by 2017.
However,unfortunately,Belarus' objective needs and desire to expand and intensify its cooperation with China are inhibited due to a lack of scientific methods and information exchanges.China's rapid development impresses the world.However,with respect to the leaders of many enterprises and fields in Belarus,their understanding of modern China lags behind by at least 10—15 years.
Russia still preserves the very powerful Soviet school of China studies with several hundred years of traditions,while we almost have to start from scratch.In the past,there were only a few people proficient in Chinese in Belarus; Chinese was not taught in our universities and middle schools because no textbooks or teachers were available.At present,nine universities and ten middle schools teach Chinese and have compiled Chinese textbooks in Belarus.
In November,2006,the Belarus Ministry of Education and China's Office of the International Chinese Language Council（“Hanban”）signed a cooperation agreement on Chinese teaching.Thanks to Hanban's understanding and support,the first Institute of China Studies,which is named after Confucius,in Belarus was officially put into operation at Belarusian State University in January,2007.Now three Confucius Institutes have been founded in Belarus and they have established nearly ten classes at educational institutions nationwide.
About 3,500 students are learning Chinese in the classes of middle schools,universities and Confucius Institutes in Belarus.There are more people who have the desire to learn Chinese,but no good teachers,textbooks and teaching methods are available.
Meanwhile,China studies are at the initial stage in Belarus.Thus,it is necessary for me to stress again that we know little about modern China.We do not know China's technological methods and levels in various fields,the customs and traditions of the Chinese people nor are we familiar with the characteristics of the Chinese people through collective collaboration and individual contacts.Without an understanding of these aspects,it is very difficult for us to tap the enormous potential of the two parties in mutually-beneficial cooperation,especially interregional and inter-enterprise cooperation.
The most beneficial thing for us is China's successful experience in reform and opening up.Thanks to this experience,China is advancing in leaps and bounds to become the most influential and a perfect country in the world.China's development relies on tapping the potential of its love of peace and its kindheartedness rather than its military and political forces.This offers a new sample of a mutually-beneficial partnership for the development of other countries around the world.
As Belarus' economy is at the initial stages of systematic modernization,the urgent task for Belarus during the current stage consists in summarizing China's developmental experience; this experience covers the reform of state-owned enterprises,the distribution of authority and powers in state-owned and nonstate-owned economic sectors,the roles of the policies of taxation and customs tariffs in promoting（or inhibiting）specific fields and production activities,the mechanism of material and spiritual rewards for management personnel at various levels,the regulations and systems developed by law enforcement agencies for thefinancial and economic activities of enterprises and companies,the roles of banks in guaranteeing sustained and rapid economic development and supporting exports with credit,as well as a series of systems with special measures for attracting foreign capital,advanced technologies and management talents.
I believe that in the near future,we will clearly see that the production and social political relations formed in China as a result of the reform and opening up do not entail the transition from one form to another form,from one “-ism”to another“-ism”; instead,these relations represent the most advanced and most optimistic social economic system for the 21stcentury.This new thing is attracting a great amount of attention from us.
This is the reason why we will thank our Chinese friends for assisting us in indepth studies of the above issues.In my view,the most rational way to address these issues lies in vigorously building a Confucius Institute at Belarusian State University.We must turn it,with concerted efforts from both sides,into a powerful regional scientific research center dedicated to China studies and offering ideas and suggestions on establishing more effective methods of cooperation between China and Belarus and other countries in the region.
The main functions and research fields of this center will cover the following aspects: studying the possibility that Belarus and other countries in the region can participate in and realize the conception of the Belt and Road Initiative; providing consulting and information services for the economic,trade and investment cooperation between China and Belarus; providing necessary assistance for the cooperation between the two countries in the fields of education,culture,health,sports,tourism and other humanistic fields; assisting scientific research and educational institutions,experts and scholars in carrying out the activities for establishing the school of China studies in Belarus.
The preconditions for addressing the above issues are as follows: send 5—6 Chinese scholars and experts to this center for working with Belarusian colleagues;guarantee the legislative,scientific research and analysis certificates and other evidentiary materials necessary for this center's work; provide Belarusian scholars and experts with the opportunities for learning about the experiences and achievements of China's reform and opening up,including sending them to Chinese ministries,enterprises and organizations where they can learn first-hand.
I believe that the realization of the above proposals will be conducive to the coordinated economic development of both countries,multilateral cooperation among the countries along the Belt and Road,and bilateral cooperation between the two countries in the fields of the economy,trade and investment.